Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Bangladesh shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Bangladesh offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Bangladesh at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Bangladesh? Wrong! If the Bangladesh is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Bangladesh then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Bangladesh? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Bangladesh and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Bangladesh wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Bangladesh then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Bangladesh site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Bangladesh, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Bangladesh, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

{{Infobox Country or territory|native_name = গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh|conventional_long_name = People's Republic of Bangladesh|common_name = Bangladesh|image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg|image_coat = COA of Bangladesh.svg|national_motto =|national_anthem = Amar Shonar BanglaMy Golden Bengal]|demonym = Bangladeshi|capital = Dhaka|leader_title1 = [List of Presidents of Bangladesh|leader_name1 = Iajuddin Ahmed|leader_name2 = vacant|leader_title3 = [Caretaker government|leader_name3 = Fakhruddin Ahmed|sovereignty_note = from [Pakistan [1971|established_date2 = [December 16 1971]-->|area_rank = 94th|area_magnitude =|percent_water = 7.0|population_estimate = 150,448,340 CIA World Factbook 2007|population_estimate_year = 2007|population_estimate_rank = 7th|population_census = 129,247,2331|population_census_year = 2001|population_density_km2 = 1045|population_density_sq_mi = 2706 ]|GDP_PPP_rank = 31st|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2200|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 138st|GDP_Real_Growth_Rate = 6.1%|Gini = 31.8|Gini_year = 2000|Gini_category = medium|HDI_year = 2004|HDI = 0.530|HDI_rank = 137th|HDI_category = medium|FSI = 95.9 0.4|FSI_year = 2007|FSI_rank = 16th|FSI_category = Alert|currency = Bangladeshi taka|currency_code = BDT|time_zone = BDT|utc_offset = +6|time_zone_DST = not observed|utc_offset_DST = +6|cctld = .bd|calling_code = 880|nationality = Bangladeshi|footnote1 = Adjusted population, p.4,--> This article refers to the People's Republic of Bangladesh. For other uses of "Bangladesh", see Bangladesh (disambiguation) (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ), is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Myanmar to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.

The borders of the region that constitutes present day Bangladesh were established in the 1947 Partition of India when the region became the East Pakistan of newly formed Pakistan. The pairing, based on their common religion (Islam), proved geographically awkward since an expanse of foreign Indian territory, 1 600 km (1 000 mi) wide, separated the two wings. Subjected to political and linguistic discrimination as well as economic neglect at the hands of West Pakistan, the Bengalis of East Pakistan declared independence in 1971. After a Bangladesh Liberation War, with help from India and the USSR, Bangladesh was born. In spite of its liberation narrative, Bangladesh's development has since been marred by political turmoil, with fourteen different heads of government and at least four Military coups in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh is among the most highly and densely populated countries in the world. The population is generally poor, rural and Muslim. Geographically the country straddles the fertile Ganges Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones. The government is a secular parliamentary democracy which has been suspended under emergency law since January 2007. Bangladesh is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, BIMSTEC, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Developing 8 Countries.

History Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years, when the region was settled by Dravidian people, Tibeto-Burman languages, and Austro-Asiatic languages peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.

After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the seventh century BCE, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha and Maurya Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire from the third to the sixth centuries Common Era. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive yet short-lived kingdom. After a period of anarchy, the Buddhism Pala Empire ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Sufism missionaries, and subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region. Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turkish general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. The region was ruled by dynasties of Sultans and feudal lords for the next few hundred years. By the sixteenth century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial center of Mughal administration.

European traders arrived late in the fifteenth century, and their influence grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757.{{cite book], resulted in transfer of authority to the British monarchy, with a British viceroy running the administration.Baxter, pp.30—32 During colonial rule, famine racked the Indian subcontinent many times, including the Bengal famine of 1943 of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.

Between 1905 and 1911, an Partition of Bengal (1905) was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone.Baxter, pp. 39—40 When India was partitioned in 1947, Bengal was Partition of Bengal (1947) along religious lines, with the western part going to India and the eastern part joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.

In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari systemBaxter, p. 72 However, despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.Baxter, pp. 62—63 Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Bangladesh Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for Six point movement in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was jailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising.

, founder of Bangladesh.In 1970, a massive 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections,Baxter, pp. 78—79 was blocked from taking office. After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan arrested him on the night of March 25, 1971, and launched Operation Searchlight, a sustained military assault on East Pakistan. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths. Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about ten million refugees fled to neighbouring India (LaPorte,Bangladesh is divided into six administrative divisions, each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal Division (বরিশাল), Chittagong Division (চট্টগ্রাম), Dhaka Division (ঢাকা), Khulna Division (খুলনা), Rajshahi Division (রাজশাহী), and Sylhet Division (সিলেট).

Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana ("police stations"). The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional, district or upazila levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held for each union (or ward), electing a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of twelve) in every union for female candidates.Local Government Act, No. 20, 1997.

Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Other major cities include Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal and Sylhet. These metropolitan cities have mayoral elections, while other municipalities elect a chairperson. Mayors and chairpersons are elected for a span of five years.

{]| 6,969,458| 11,918,442|-| Chittagong| 1,400,689| 1,400,689|-| [Rajshahi| 339,368| 339,368|-| [Barisal City| 291,769| 291,769|}

Other areas:

{| class="wikitable sortable"|-! City! Administrative division! Population|-| Naogaon Town| Rajshahi Division| 150,000(approx.)|-

|-| Comilla| 419,623|-| [Tongi| 368,914|-| [Gopalganj| 100,000(approx.)|-|-| [Tungipara| 50,000(approx.)|-|-| [Mymensingh| 336,960|-| [Rangpur| 295,999|-| [Narsingdi District| Dhaka Division| 292,838|-| [Bogra| 284,003|-| [Jessore| 250,065|}

Geography and climate Bangladesh is located in the low-lying Ganges-Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges River (local name Padma River or Pôdda), Brahmaputra River (Jamuna River or Jomuna), and Meghna River rivers and their respective tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The Alluvium deposited by these rivers has created some of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 58 trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated to resolve - in most cases as the lower riparian state to India.{{cite web]/Goddard Space Flight Center| first = Scientific Visualization Studio| date = 2002-04-18-->-->Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 metres (39 ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 50% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 metre (3 ft).

The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 metres (3,451 ft) in the [Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country. Summit Elevations: Frequent Internet Errors. Retrieved 2006-04-13. A major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.

Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is Tropics with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as Floods in Bangladeshs, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year, combined with the effects of deforestation, Soils retrogression and degradation and erosion. Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that stretches uninterrupted over 120 kilometres (75 mi).

In September 1998 Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding the modern world has seen. Although only 1,000 people were killed, 30 million were made homeless and 130,000 cattle were killed, 50 square kilometres of land were destroyed and 11,000 km of roads were damaged or destroyed. 66% of the country was underwater.There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoon rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Lastly, trees that usually intercept rain water were cut down for fire wood or to make space for animals.

Economy Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation, in part due to its large population." Reproductive Health and Rights is Fundamental for Sound Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation," United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 17 July 2007. Its per capita income in 2006 was US$2300 compared to the world average of $10,200. Yet, as the World Bank notes in its July 2005 Country Brief, the country has made significant progress in human development in the areas of literacy, gender parity in schooling, and reduction of population growth. Bangladesh - Country Brief, World Bank, July 2005

Jute was once the economic engine of the country. Its share of the world export market peaked in the Second World War and the late 1940s at 80% and even in the early 1970s accounted for 70% of its export earnings. However, polypropylene products began to substitute for jute products worldwide and the jute industry started to decline. Bangladesh grows significant quantities of rice, tea and Mustard plant. Although two-thirds of Bangladeshis are farmers, more than three quarters of Bangladesh’s export earnings come from the garment industry, which began attracting foreign investors in the 1980s due to cheap labour and low conversion cost. In 2002, the industry exported US$5 billion worth of products. The industry now employs more than 3 million workers, 90% of whom are women. A large part of foreign currency earnings also comes from the remittances sent by expatriates living in other countries. - a common scene throughout Bangladesh. The economy of Bangladesh is often cited to be agro-based because of its dependency on agriculture.Obstacles to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, mismanaged port facilities, a growth in the labour force that has outpaced jobs, inefficient use of energy resources (such as natural gas), insufficient power supplies, slow implementation of economic reforms, political infighting and Political corruption. According to the World Bank, "among Bangladesh’s most significant obstacles to growth are poor governance and weak public institutions."

Despite these hurdles, the country has achieved an average annual growth rate of 5% since 1990, according to the World Bank. Bangladesh has seen expansion of its middle class, and its consumer industry has also grown. In December 2005, four years after its report on the emerging "BRIC" economies (Brazil, Russia, India, and People's Republic of China), Goldman Sachs named Bangladesh one of the "Next Eleven," along with Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan and seven other countries. Bangladesh has seen a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment. A number of multinational corporations, including Unocal Corporation and Tata, have made major investments, with the natural gas sector being a priority. In December 2005, the Bangladesh Bank projected GDP growth around 6.5%. Annual Report 2004–2005, Bangladesh Bank

One significant contributor to the development of the economy has been the widespread propagation of microcredit by Muhammad Yunus (awarded the Nobel Prize Nobel Peace Prize in 2006) through the Grameen Bank. By the late 1990s, Grameen Bank had 2.3 million members, along with 2.5 million members of other similar organizations.

In order to enhance economic growth, the government set up several export processing zones to attract foreign investment. These are managed by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority.

Demographics Recent (2005-2007) estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 142 to 159 million, making it the List of countries by population nation in the world. With a land area of 144,000 square kilometers (55,600 sq mi (144,000 km²), ranked 94th), the population density is remarkable. A striking comparison is offered by the fact that Russia's population is slightly smaller. Indeed Bangladesh boasts the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of city-states. Bangladesh's population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the count grew from 50 to 90 million, but with the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate slowed. The total fertility rate is now 3.1 children per woman, compared with 6.2 three decades ago. The population is relatively young, with the 0–25 age group comprising 60%, while 3% are 65 or older. Life expectancy is 63 years for both males and females.

Bangladesh is ethnically homogeneous, with Bengali people comprising 98% of the population. The remainder are mostly Bihari migrants and indigenous tribal groups. There are thirteen tribal groups located in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the most populous of the tribes are the Chakma people. The region has been a source for ethnic tension since the inception of Bangladesh.The largest tribal groups outside the Hill Tracts are the Santal and the Garo (tribe). There are also Kaibartta, Mundas, Oraons, and Zomi ethnic groups. Trafficking in human beings has been a lingering problem in Bangladeshand illegal immigration has remained a cause of friction with MyanmarAI Index: ASA 16/005/2004, Amnesty International and India..

The official and most widely used language in Bangladesh, as in West Bengal, is Bangla (Bengali), an Indo-Aryan languages of Sanskrit origin and has its own Bengali script. English language is used as second language among the middle and upper classesS. M. Mehdi Hasan, Condition of English in Bangladesh: Second Language or Foreign Language. Retrieved 17 July 2007. and in higher education. Since a President Order in 1987, Bangla is used for all official correspondence except those that are to foreign recipients.

The two major religions practiced in Bangladesh are Islam (83%) and Hinduism (16%). Bangladesh- CIA World Factbook About 96% of the Muslims are Sunni while over 3% are Shi'a. Ethnic Bihari people are predominantly Shi'a Islam Muslims. Other religious groups include Buddhism in Bangladesh, Ahmadis, Christianity, and Animism. Bangladesh ranks fourth after Indonesia and Pakistan among Muslim majority nations and, as India has a higher Muslim population, Bangladesh ranks fourth in this category.

Health and education levels have recently improved as poverty levels have decreased. Nevertheless, Bangladesh remains among the poorest nations in the world. Most Bangladeshis are rural, living on subsistence farming. Nearly half of the population lives on less than 1 USD per day.Health problems abound, ranging from surface water contamination, to arsenic in the groundwater, and diseases including malaria, leptospirosis and Dengue fever. The literacy rate in Bangladesh is approximately 41%. There is gender disparity, though, as literacy rates are 50% among men and 31% among women, according to a 2004 UNICEF estimate. UNICEF: Bangladesh Statistics. Literacy has gone up due to many programs introduced in the country. Among the most successful ones are the Food for education (FFE) program introduced in 1993, and a stipend program for women at the primary and secondary levels.

Culture ., Bogra.A new state for an old nation, Bangladesh has a culture that encompasses elements both old and new. The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, which Bangladesh shares with the Indian state of West Bengal. The earliest literary text in Bangla is the eighth century Charyapada. Bangla literature in the medieval age was often either religious (e.g. Chandidas), or adaptations from other languages (e.g. Alaol). Bangla literature matured in the nineteenth century. Its greatest icons are the poets Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam. Bangladesh also has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by Maimansingha Gitika, Thakurmar Jhuli or stories related to Gopal Bhar.

The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based (Baniprodhan), with minimal instrumental accompaniment. The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bangla folk music, and there are numerous other musical traditions in Bangladesh, which vary from one region to the other. Gombhira, Bhatiali, Bhawaiya are a few of the better-known musical forms. Folk music of Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string. Other instruments include the dotara, dhol, flute, and tabla. Bangladesh also has an active heritage in Hindustani classical music. Similarly, Bangladeshi dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance tradition. Bangladesh produces about 80 films a year. Feature film in Banglapedia Mainstream Bollywood are also quite popular, as are films from Kolkata, which has its own thriving Bengali-language movie industry. Around 200 dailies are published in Bangladesh, along with more than 1800 periodicals. However, regular readership is low, nearly about 15% of the population. Newspapers and periodicals in Banglapedia Bangladeshis listen to a variety of local and national radio programmes from Bangladesh Betar, as well as Bangla services from the BBC and Voice of America. There is a state-controlled Bangladesh Television, but in the last few years, privately owned channels have grown considerably.

The culinary tradition of Bangladesh has close relations to Indian cuisine and Middle Eastern cuisine as well as having many unique traits. Rice and fish are traditional favourites; leading to a common saying that "fish and rice make a Bengali" (machhe bhate bangali). Bangladeshis make distinctive confectionarys from milk products; some common ones are Rasgulla, Chômchôm and Kalojam.

The sari (shaŗi) is by far the most widely worn dress by Bangladeshi women. However, the salwar kameez (shaloar kamiz) is also quite popular, and in urban areas some women wear Western attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also use the kurta-paejama combination, often on religious occasions. The lungi, a kind of long skirt, is widely worn by Bangladesh men.

The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are the largest festivals in the Islamic calendar. The day before Eid ul-Fitr is called Chãd Rat (the night of the Moon), and is often marked by firecrackers. Other Muslim holidays are also observed. Major Hindu festivals are Durga Puja and Saraswati Puja. Vesak, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) in Bangla is celebrated by the minority Christian population. The most important secular festival is Pohela Baishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar. Other festivities include Nobanno, Poush parbon (festival of Poush) and observance of national days like Language movement.

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Bangladesh. In 2000, the Bangladeshi cricket team was granted Test cricket status and joined the elite league of national teams permitted by the International Cricket Council to play test matches. Other popular sports include football (soccer), field hockey, tennis, badminton, Team handball, volleyball, chess, carrom, and kabadi, a seven-a-side team-sport played without a ball or any other equipment, which is the national sport of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board regulates twenty-nine different sporting federations.

See also References External links Official

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Government Official Web Page |url = http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Election Commission Secretariat |url = http://www.bd-ec.org/index.php3 |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Official parliamentary site |url = http://www.parliamentofbangladesh.org/indexeng.html |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Electronic forms from the Government of Bangladesh |url = http://www.forms.gov.bd/eng/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = National Board of Revenue |url = http://www.nbr-bd.org |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB/T&T) |url = http://www.bttb.gov.bd |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Government Digitized Form |url = http://www.forms.gov.bd |accessmonthday = August 18 |accessyear = 2006 -->

Others

• {{cite web

|title = Banglapedia - National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = United Nations in Bangladesh |url = http://www.un-bd.org/bgd/index.html |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association |url = http://www.bgmea.com/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Background Note: Bangladesh, U.S. Department of State (Aug. 2005) |url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry |url = http://www.fbcci-bd.org/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Various policies of Bangladesh |url = http://www.sdnpbd.org/sdi/policy/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971 |url = http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Review - This Blog welcomes different editorials and articles about Bangladesh |url = http://bdreview.blogspot.com/ |accessmonthday = October 7 |accessyear = 2007 -->

{{Template group|title = Geographic locale|list =-->{{Template group|title = International membership|list =-->



{{Infobox Country or territory|native_name = গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh|conventional_long_name = People's Republic of Bangladesh|common_name = Bangladesh|image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg|image_coat = COA of Bangladesh.svg|national_motto =|national_anthem = Amar Shonar BanglaMy Golden Bengal]|demonym = Bangladeshi|capital = Dhaka|leader_title1 = [List of Presidents of Bangladesh|leader_name1 = Iajuddin Ahmed|leader_name2 = vacant|leader_title3 = [Caretaker government|leader_name3 = Fakhruddin Ahmed|sovereignty_note = from [Pakistan [1971|established_date2 = [December 16 1971]-->|area_rank = 94th|area_magnitude =|percent_water = 7.0|population_estimate = 150,448,340 CIA World Factbook 2007|population_estimate_year = 2007|population_estimate_rank = 7th|population_census = 129,247,2331|population_census_year = 2001|population_density_km2 = 1045|population_density_sq_mi = 2706 ]|GDP_PPP_rank = 31st|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2200|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 138st|GDP_Real_Growth_Rate = 6.1%|Gini = 31.8|Gini_year = 2000|Gini_category = medium|HDI_year = 2004|HDI = 0.530|HDI_rank = 137th|HDI_category = medium|FSI = 95.9 0.4|FSI_year = 2007|FSI_rank = 16th|FSI_category = Alert|currency = Bangladeshi taka|currency_code = BDT|time_zone = BDT|utc_offset = +6|time_zone_DST = not observed|utc_offset_DST = +6|cctld = .bd|calling_code = 880|nationality = Bangladeshi|footnote1 = Adjusted population, p.4,--> This article refers to the People's Republic of Bangladesh. For other uses of "Bangladesh", see Bangladesh (disambiguation) (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ), is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Myanmar to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.

The borders of the region that constitutes present day Bangladesh were established in the 1947 Partition of India when the region became the East Pakistan of newly formed Pakistan. The pairing, based on their common religion (Islam), proved geographically awkward since an expanse of foreign Indian territory, 1 600 km (1 000 mi) wide, separated the two wings. Subjected to political and linguistic discrimination as well as economic neglect at the hands of West Pakistan, the Bengalis of East Pakistan declared independence in 1971. After a Bangladesh Liberation War, with help from India and the USSR, Bangladesh was born. In spite of its liberation narrative, Bangladesh's development has since been marred by political turmoil, with fourteen different heads of government and at least four Military coups in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh is among the most highly and densely populated countries in the world. The population is generally poor, rural and Muslim. Geographically the country straddles the fertile Ganges Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones. The government is a secular parliamentary democracy which has been suspended under emergency law since January 2007. Bangladesh is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, BIMSTEC, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Developing 8 Countries.

History Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years, when the region was settled by Dravidian people, Tibeto-Burman languages, and Austro-Asiatic languages peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.

After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the seventh century BCE, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha and Maurya Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire from the third to the sixth centuries Common Era. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive yet short-lived kingdom. After a period of anarchy, the Buddhism Pala Empire ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Sufism missionaries, and subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region. Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turkish general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. The region was ruled by dynasties of Sultans and feudal lords for the next few hundred years. By the sixteenth century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial center of Mughal administration.

European traders arrived late in the fifteenth century, and their influence grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757.{{cite book], resulted in transfer of authority to the British monarchy, with a British viceroy running the administration.Baxter, pp.30—32 During colonial rule, famine racked the Indian subcontinent many times, including the Bengal famine of 1943 of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.

Between 1905 and 1911, an Partition of Bengal (1905) was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone.Baxter, pp. 39—40 When India was partitioned in 1947, Bengal was Partition of Bengal (1947) along religious lines, with the western part going to India and the eastern part joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.

In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari systemBaxter, p. 72 However, despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.Baxter, pp. 62—63 Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Bangladesh Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for Six point movement in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was jailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising.

, founder of Bangladesh.In 1970, a massive 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections,Baxter, pp. 78—79 was blocked from taking office. After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan arrested him on the night of March 25, 1971, and launched Operation Searchlight, a sustained military assault on East Pakistan. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths. Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about ten million refugees fled to neighbouring India (LaPorte,Bangladesh is divided into six administrative divisions, each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal Division (বরিশাল), Chittagong Division (চট্টগ্রাম), Dhaka Division (ঢাকা), Khulna Division (খুলনা), Rajshahi Division (রাজশাহী), and Sylhet Division (সিলেট).

Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana ("police stations"). The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional, district or upazila levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held for each union (or ward), electing a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of twelve) in every union for female candidates.Local Government Act, No. 20, 1997.

Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Other major cities include Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal and Sylhet. These metropolitan cities have mayoral elections, while other municipalities elect a chairperson. Mayors and chairpersons are elected for a span of five years.

{]| 6,969,458| 11,918,442|-| Chittagong| 1,400,689| 1,400,689|-| [Rajshahi| 339,368| 339,368|-| [Barisal City| 291,769| 291,769|}

Other areas:

{| class="wikitable sortable"|-! City! Administrative division! Population|-| Naogaon Town| Rajshahi Division| 150,000(approx.)|-

|-| Comilla| 419,623|-| [Tongi| 368,914|-| [Gopalganj| 100,000(approx.)|-|-| [Tungipara| 50,000(approx.)|-|-| [Mymensingh| 336,960|-| [Rangpur| 295,999|-| [Narsingdi District| Dhaka Division| 292,838|-| [Bogra| 284,003|-| [Jessore| 250,065|}

Geography and climate Bangladesh is located in the low-lying Ganges-Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges River (local name Padma River or Pôdda), Brahmaputra River (Jamuna River or Jomuna), and Meghna River rivers and their respective tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The Alluvium deposited by these rivers has created some of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 58 trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated to resolve - in most cases as the lower riparian state to India.{{cite web]/Goddard Space Flight Center| first = Scientific Visualization Studio| date = 2002-04-18-->-->Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 metres (39 ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 50% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 metre (3 ft).

The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 metres (3,451 ft) in the [Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country. Summit Elevations: Frequent Internet Errors. Retrieved 2006-04-13. A major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.

Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is Tropics with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as Floods in Bangladeshs, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year, combined with the effects of deforestation, Soils retrogression and degradation and erosion. Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that stretches uninterrupted over 120 kilometres (75 mi).

In September 1998 Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding the modern world has seen. Although only 1,000 people were killed, 30 million were made homeless and 130,000 cattle were killed, 50 square kilometres of land were destroyed and 11,000 km of roads were damaged or destroyed. 66% of the country was underwater.There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoon rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Lastly, trees that usually intercept rain water were cut down for fire wood or to make space for animals.

Economy Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation, in part due to its large population." Reproductive Health and Rights is Fundamental for Sound Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation," United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 17 July 2007. Its per capita income in 2006 was US$2300 compared to the world average of $10,200. Yet, as the World Bank notes in its July 2005 Country Brief, the country has made significant progress in human development in the areas of literacy, gender parity in schooling, and reduction of population growth. Bangladesh - Country Brief, World Bank, July 2005

Jute was once the economic engine of the country. Its share of the world export market peaked in the Second World War and the late 1940s at 80% and even in the early 1970s accounted for 70% of its export earnings. However, polypropylene products began to substitute for jute products worldwide and the jute industry started to decline. Bangladesh grows significant quantities of rice, tea and Mustard plant. Although two-thirds of Bangladeshis are farmers, more than three quarters of Bangladesh’s export earnings come from the garment industry, which began attracting foreign investors in the 1980s due to cheap labour and low conversion cost. In 2002, the industry exported US$5 billion worth of products. The industry now employs more than 3 million workers, 90% of whom are women. A large part of foreign currency earnings also comes from the remittances sent by expatriates living in other countries. - a common scene throughout Bangladesh. The economy of Bangladesh is often cited to be agro-based because of its dependency on agriculture.Obstacles to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, mismanaged port facilities, a growth in the labour force that has outpaced jobs, inefficient use of energy resources (such as natural gas), insufficient power supplies, slow implementation of economic reforms, political infighting and Political corruption. According to the World Bank, "among Bangladesh’s most significant obstacles to growth are poor governance and weak public institutions."

Despite these hurdles, the country has achieved an average annual growth rate of 5% since 1990, according to the World Bank. Bangladesh has seen expansion of its middle class, and its consumer industry has also grown. In December 2005, four years after its report on the emerging "BRIC" economies (Brazil, Russia, India, and People's Republic of China), Goldman Sachs named Bangladesh one of the "Next Eleven," along with Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan and seven other countries. Bangladesh has seen a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment. A number of multinational corporations, including Unocal Corporation and Tata, have made major investments, with the natural gas sector being a priority. In December 2005, the Bangladesh Bank projected GDP growth around 6.5%. Annual Report 2004–2005, Bangladesh Bank

One significant contributor to the development of the economy has been the widespread propagation of microcredit by Muhammad Yunus (awarded the Nobel Prize Nobel Peace Prize in 2006) through the Grameen Bank. By the late 1990s, Grameen Bank had 2.3 million members, along with 2.5 million members of other similar organizations.

In order to enhance economic growth, the government set up several export processing zones to attract foreign investment. These are managed by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority.

Demographics Recent (2005-2007) estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 142 to 159 million, making it the List of countries by population nation in the world. With a land area of 144,000 square kilometers (55,600 sq mi (144,000 km²), ranked 94th), the population density is remarkable. A striking comparison is offered by the fact that Russia's population is slightly smaller. Indeed Bangladesh boasts the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of city-states. Bangladesh's population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the count grew from 50 to 90 million, but with the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate slowed. The total fertility rate is now 3.1 children per woman, compared with 6.2 three decades ago. The population is relatively young, with the 0–25 age group comprising 60%, while 3% are 65 or older. Life expectancy is 63 years for both males and females.

Bangladesh is ethnically homogeneous, with Bengali people comprising 98% of the population. The remainder are mostly Bihari migrants and indigenous tribal groups. There are thirteen tribal groups located in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the most populous of the tribes are the Chakma people. The region has been a source for ethnic tension since the inception of Bangladesh.The largest tribal groups outside the Hill Tracts are the Santal and the Garo (tribe). There are also Kaibartta, Mundas, Oraons, and Zomi ethnic groups. Trafficking in human beings has been a lingering problem in Bangladeshand illegal immigration has remained a cause of friction with MyanmarAI Index: ASA 16/005/2004, Amnesty International and India..

The official and most widely used language in Bangladesh, as in West Bengal, is Bangla (Bengali), an Indo-Aryan languages of Sanskrit origin and has its own Bengali script. English language is used as second language among the middle and upper classesS. M. Mehdi Hasan, Condition of English in Bangladesh: Second Language or Foreign Language. Retrieved 17 July 2007. and in higher education. Since a President Order in 1987, Bangla is used for all official correspondence except those that are to foreign recipients.

The two major religions practiced in Bangladesh are Islam (83%) and Hinduism (16%). Bangladesh- CIA World Factbook About 96% of the Muslims are Sunni while over 3% are Shi'a. Ethnic Bihari people are predominantly Shi'a Islam Muslims. Other religious groups include Buddhism in Bangladesh, Ahmadis, Christianity, and Animism. Bangladesh ranks fourth after Indonesia and Pakistan among Muslim majority nations and, as India has a higher Muslim population, Bangladesh ranks fourth in this category.

Health and education levels have recently improved as poverty levels have decreased. Nevertheless, Bangladesh remains among the poorest nations in the world. Most Bangladeshis are rural, living on subsistence farming. Nearly half of the population lives on less than 1 USD per day.Health problems abound, ranging from surface water contamination, to arsenic in the groundwater, and diseases including malaria, leptospirosis and Dengue fever. The literacy rate in Bangladesh is approximately 41%. There is gender disparity, though, as literacy rates are 50% among men and 31% among women, according to a 2004 UNICEF estimate. UNICEF: Bangladesh Statistics. Literacy has gone up due to many programs introduced in the country. Among the most successful ones are the Food for education (FFE) program introduced in 1993, and a stipend program for women at the primary and secondary levels.

Culture ., Bogra.A new state for an old nation, Bangladesh has a culture that encompasses elements both old and new. The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, which Bangladesh shares with the Indian state of West Bengal. The earliest literary text in Bangla is the eighth century Charyapada. Bangla literature in the medieval age was often either religious (e.g. Chandidas), or adaptations from other languages (e.g. Alaol). Bangla literature matured in the nineteenth century. Its greatest icons are the poets Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam. Bangladesh also has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by Maimansingha Gitika, Thakurmar Jhuli or stories related to Gopal Bhar.

The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based (Baniprodhan), with minimal instrumental accompaniment. The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bangla folk music, and there are numerous other musical traditions in Bangladesh, which vary from one region to the other. Gombhira, Bhatiali, Bhawaiya are a few of the better-known musical forms. Folk music of Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string. Other instruments include the dotara, dhol, flute, and tabla. Bangladesh also has an active heritage in Hindustani classical music. Similarly, Bangladeshi dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance tradition. Bangladesh produces about 80 films a year. Feature film in Banglapedia Mainstream Bollywood are also quite popular, as are films from Kolkata, which has its own thriving Bengali-language movie industry. Around 200 dailies are published in Bangladesh, along with more than 1800 periodicals. However, regular readership is low, nearly about 15% of the population. Newspapers and periodicals in Banglapedia Bangladeshis listen to a variety of local and national radio programmes from Bangladesh Betar, as well as Bangla services from the BBC and Voice of America. There is a state-controlled Bangladesh Television, but in the last few years, privately owned channels have grown considerably.

The culinary tradition of Bangladesh has close relations to Indian cuisine and Middle Eastern cuisine as well as having many unique traits. Rice and fish are traditional favourites; leading to a common saying that "fish and rice make a Bengali" (machhe bhate bangali). Bangladeshis make distinctive confectionarys from milk products; some common ones are Rasgulla, Chômchôm and Kalojam.

The sari (shaŗi) is by far the most widely worn dress by Bangladeshi women. However, the salwar kameez (shaloar kamiz) is also quite popular, and in urban areas some women wear Western attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also use the kurta-paejama combination, often on religious occasions. The lungi, a kind of long skirt, is widely worn by Bangladesh men.

The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are the largest festivals in the Islamic calendar. The day before Eid ul-Fitr is called Chãd Rat (the night of the Moon), and is often marked by firecrackers. Other Muslim holidays are also observed. Major Hindu festivals are Durga Puja and Saraswati Puja. Vesak, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) in Bangla is celebrated by the minority Christian population. The most important secular festival is Pohela Baishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar. Other festivities include Nobanno, Poush parbon (festival of Poush) and observance of national days like Language movement.

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Bangladesh. In 2000, the Bangladeshi cricket team was granted Test cricket status and joined the elite league of national teams permitted by the International Cricket Council to play test matches. Other popular sports include football (soccer), field hockey, tennis, badminton, Team handball, volleyball, chess, carrom, and kabadi, a seven-a-side team-sport played without a ball or any other equipment, which is the national sport of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board regulates twenty-nine different sporting federations.

See also References External links Official

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Government Official Web Page |url = http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Election Commission Secretariat |url = http://www.bd-ec.org/index.php3 |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Official parliamentary site |url = http://www.parliamentofbangladesh.org/indexeng.html |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Electronic forms from the Government of Bangladesh |url = http://www.forms.gov.bd/eng/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = National Board of Revenue |url = http://www.nbr-bd.org |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB/T&T) |url = http://www.bttb.gov.bd |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Government Digitized Form |url = http://www.forms.gov.bd |accessmonthday = August 18 |accessyear = 2006 -->

Others

• {{cite web

|title = Banglapedia - National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = United Nations in Bangladesh |url = http://www.un-bd.org/bgd/index.html |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association |url = http://www.bgmea.com/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Background Note: Bangladesh, U.S. Department of State (Aug. 2005) |url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry |url = http://www.fbcci-bd.org/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Various policies of Bangladesh |url = http://www.sdnpbd.org/sdi/policy/ |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971 |url = http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |accessmonthday = March 9 |accessyear = 2006 -->

• {{cite web

|title = Bangladesh Review - This Blog welcomes different editorials and articles about Bangladesh |url = http://bdreview.blogspot.com/ |accessmonthday = October 7 |accessyear = 2007 -->

{{Template group|title = Geographic locale|list =-->{{Template group|title = International membership|list =-->

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